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 {In Ephesus} (en Ephes(9369)). Near the sea on the river
Cayster, the foremost city of Asia Minor, the temple-keeper of
Artemis and her wonderful temple ( Ac 19:35 ), the home of the
magic arts (Ephesian letters,  Ac 19:19 ) and of the
mystery-cults, place of Paul's three years' stay ( Ac 19:1-10  20:17-38 ), where Aquila and Priscilla and Apollos laboured ( Ac
18:24-28 ), where Timothy wrought (I and II Tim.), where the
Apostle John preached in his old age. Surely it was a place of
great privilege, of great preaching. It was about sixty miles
from Patmos and the messenger would reach Ephesus first. It is a
free city, a seat of proconsular government ( Ac 19:38 ), the end
of the great road from the Euphrates. The port was a place of
shifting sands, due to the silting up of the mouth of the
Cayster. Ramsay (_Letters to the Seven Churches_, p. 210) calls
it "the City of Change." {These things} (	ade). This
demonstrative seven times here, once with the message to each
church ( 2:1,8,12,18  2:1,7,14 ), only once elsewhere in N.T.
( Ac 21:11 ). {He that holdeth} (ho krat(936e)). Present active
articular participle of krate(935c), a stronger word than ech(936e) in
 1:16 , to which it refers. {He that walketh} (ho peripat(936e)).
Present active articular participle of peripate(935c), an allusion
to  1:13 . These two epithets are drawn from the picture of
Christ in  1:13-18 , and appropriately to conditions in Ephesus
describe Christ's power over the churches as he moves among them.

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