08816 完成式

1) 論到時間,完成式的動作代表:

   1a) 從現在的角度來看,是一個剛完成的動作

         "我來" 告訴你消息

   1b) 在較遙遠的過去完成的動作

         起初神"創造"
         
   1c) 從另一過去的角度來看,已經完成的動作
       
        神看著一切"所造的" 

   1d) 從未來的角度來看,已經完成的動作

        我也要為你的駱駝打水，直到牠們都喝足了

2) 完成式也表達英文裡現在式的含意

   2a) 常見的事實或行動--觀察或經驗來的事實或行動
       
          草"枯萎"
          麻雀"找到"抱雛之窩

   2b) 過去開始的行動或心態, 持續到現在

          "我伸手"攻擊你
          "你不撇棄"尋求你的

   2c) 強調"已然存在"或實現的狀態
          
          "我知道" 
          "你恨惡"一切作孽的

   2d) 在希伯來文裡,未來的事件是如此確實,好像已經發生似的
       因此用完成式描述

       2d1) 約中的應許與警言

           "我所賜給"你的地
           不然,"我要收回"

       2d2) 預言性措辭
            我的子民"被擄" (亦即"將來一定會被擄")

08816 Perfect

The Perfect expresses a completed action.

1) In reference to time, such an action may be:

   1a) one just completed from the standpoint of the present
         "I have come" to tell you the news

   1b) one completed in the more or less distant past
         in the beginning God "created"
         "I was (once) young" and "I have (now) grown old" but
           "I have not seen" a righteous man forsaken

   1c) one already completed from the point of view of another
       past act
         God saw everything that "he had made"

   1d) one completed from the point of view of another action
       yet future
         I will draw for thy camels also until "they have done"
           drinking

2) The perfect is often used where the present is employed in
   English.

   2a) in the case of general truths or actions of frequent
       occurrence -- truths or actions which have been often
       experienced or observed
          the grass "withereth"
          the sparrow "findeth" a house

   2b) an action or attitude of the past may be continued into
       the present
          "I stretch out" my hands to thee
          "thou never forsakest" those who seek thee

   2c) the perfect of intransitive verbs is used where English
       uses the present; The perfect in Hebrew in such a case
       emphasises a condition which has come into "complete
       existence" and realisation
          "I know" thou wilt be king
          "I hate" all workers of iniquity

   2d) Sometimes in Hebrew, future events are conceived so
       vividly and so realistically that they are regarded as
       having virtually taken place and are described by the
       perfect.

       2d1) in promises, threats and language of contracts
           the field "give I" thee
           and if not, "I will take it"

       2d2) prophetic language
            my people "is gone into captivity"
               (i.e. shall assuredly go)